🎯 AI Job Exposure
See how AI will impact 342 occupations across 25 industries, with exposure scores, salary data, and career advice
How will AI affect your career? We analyzed 342 occupations from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and scored each one on a 0-10 AI exposure scale. Browse by job title to see median pay, employment numbers, job outlook, and detailed analysis of how AI will transform each role, plus practical advice for adapting and thriving.
342 Occupations
Accountancy is a fundamentally digital occupation centered on data analysis, regulatory compliance, and reporting, all of which are highly...
While live theater and physical presence on set remain human-centric, the occupation is highly exposed due to AI's ability to generate digital...
Actuarial work is fundamentally digital, involving the analysis of large datasets, statistical modeling, and financial forecasting—all areas where AI...
This occupation is a hybrid of digital knowledge work and physical site management. While AI can significantly automate administrative tasks like...
The core work product—language instruction, literacy training, and test preparation—is fundamentally digital and information-based, making it highly...
The core of this occupation involves digital knowledge work such as analyzing sales statistics, preparing media kits, and drafting contracts, all of...
This occupation is predominantly digital and information-based, involving market research, data analysis, and content strategy—all areas where AI is...
This occupation involves a significant amount of physical labor, such as building test facilities, installing instruments, and maintaining hardware,...
Aerospace engineering is a high-level knowledge occupation where core tasks like aerodynamic modeling, structural analysis, and propulsion design are...
This occupation involves a significant amount of physical labor, such as collecting biological samples, maintaining farm equipment, and operating...
This occupation involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, including data analysis, research synthesis, and report writing, which are...
Agricultural engineering is a hybrid role that combines digital design and data analysis with physical site visits and hardware testing. While AI...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, animal handling, and operating machinery in unpredictable outdoor environments, which provides a...
The core work is fundamentally digital and data-driven, involving the monitoring of radar screens and the processing of complex spatial information...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, manual dexterity, and real-time troubleshooting in a physical environment, which provides a...
The occupation is a hybrid of high-level digital information processing and critical physical presence. While AI and advanced automation can handle...
The core duties of this occupation are physical and require real-time presence, such as feeding, grooming, cleaning, and physically training animals....
The occupation is split between highly exposed digital work and less exposed physical work. Broadcast and radio roles are under significant threat...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical fieldwork and digital knowledge work. While AI can significantly automate data analysis, pattern recognition...
This occupation is primarily digital and information-based, involving the analysis of legal documents, evidence, and the drafting of settlement...
Architects perform high-level knowledge work that is increasingly digital, utilizing CADD and BIM software which is highly susceptible to AI-driven...
This occupation is predominantly knowledge-based and digital, involving project planning, budgeting, and technical oversight that can be...
This occupation is a hybrid of digital knowledge work and physical preservation. AI will significantly automate archival tasks like cataloging,...
Art directors work in a fundamentally digital domain where AI is rapidly advancing in image generation, layout design, and video synthesis. While the...
The core of this occupation involves physical manipulation, manual dexterity, and real-time adjustments in a physical environment, which provides a...
The core of this occupation is physical performance, manual dexterity, and real-time human presence in the physical world, which AI cannot replicate....
The core duties of athletic trainers—such as applying tape/braces, providing emergency first aid on the field, and performing manual...
The core of this occupation involves analyzing digital data, running computer models, and writing code, all of which are highly susceptible to AI...
Audiology is a clinical healthcare profession that requires physical presence for examinations, wax removal, and fitting hardware like hearing aids...
The core tasks are highly physical, involving manual dexterity, welding, and the use of pneumatic tools in unpredictable repair environments that are...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, manual dexterity, and real-time mechanical repair in a physical environment, which provides a...
The core duties of a baker are physical and sensory, involving manual dexterity for shaping dough and real-time monitoring of physical products in...
The core of this occupation involves manual dexterity and physical interaction in a highly unpredictable environment (human hair and skin). While AI...
The core of bartending involves physical manipulation of objects, manual cleaning, and real-time social interaction in a physical environment. While...
This occupation is almost entirely digital, consisting of data analysis, skip tracing, and communication via phone or computer. AI and automated...
This occupation is heavily centered on knowledge work, data analysis, and complex modeling, all of which are being revolutionized by AI (e.g.,...
This occupation involves heavy digital knowledge work, including software design, statistical modeling, and technical writing, all of which are...
The role is a hybrid of physical laboratory work and digital data analysis. While AI can significantly automate data interpretation, report writing,...
The core work is highly physical, involving manual assembly, welding, and repair in unpredictable and cramped environments like boilers and tanks....
This occupation is almost entirely digital and involves routine information processing, data entry, and mathematical verification—tasks that AI and...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical labor (setting up hardware, rigging lights, running cables) and digital knowledge work (mixing sound, editing...
Budget analysts perform work that is almost entirely digital, involving data analysis, financial modeling, and report writing—all areas where AI is...
While autonomous driving technology is a direct long-term threat to the core task of vehicle operation, the role involves significant physical and...
The core of this occupation involves manual dexterity, physical strength, and real-time interaction with physical products in a cold, unpredictable...
This occupation involves a significant physical component, requiring manual dexterity to adjust hardware and presence in industrial or laboratory...
The role requires significant physical presence for tasks like positioning patients, attaching electrodes, and assisting in invasive surgical...
While AI can significantly automate lesson planning, grading, and the delivery of theoretical knowledge, the core of this occupation involves...
Carpentry is a highly physical occupation requiring manual dexterity, strength, and real-time problem-solving in unpredictable physical environments....
The core tasks of collecting, analyzing, and visualizing geospatial data are fundamentally digital and highly susceptible to AI-driven automation....
While the job has physical components like bagging and stocking, the core function of processing transactions is highly susceptible to automation...
The core of the job is highly physical and sensory, requiring manual dexterity, real-time human leadership in a fast-paced kitchen, and the use of...
Chemical engineering involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, including process simulation, CAD design, and data analysis, which are...
The role is a hybrid of physical laboratory work and digital data analysis. While AI can significantly automate the compilation of results, report...
This occupation is a high-level blend of digital knowledge work and physical laboratory experimentation. AI is already revolutionizing the digital...
The core responsibilities of this role—physical care, safety monitoring, hygiene, and emotional support—require a physical presence and human empathy...
The core of chiropractic work is highly physical, requiring manual dexterity for spinal adjustments and real-time physical assessment of a patient's...
This occupation is a hybrid of digital knowledge work and physical field work. While AI and advanced CAD software are significantly automating...
Civil engineering involves significant digital knowledge work, including CAD design, data analysis, and cost estimation, which are highly susceptible...
This occupation is heavily focused on information processing, document review, and data-driven decision-making, all of which are highly susceptible...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical laboratory work and digital data analysis. While AI and computer vision are rapidly automating the...
While AI is significantly impacting the analytical side of the job—such as processing player data, optimizing game strategy, and analyzing opponent...
The core of this occupation is built on trust, cultural sensitivity, and physical presence within specific communities, which AI cannot replicate....
This occupation is primarily digital and data-driven, involving the analysis of wage trends, benefits structures, and regulatory compliance—tasks...
This occupation is fundamentally digital and data-driven, involving core tasks like market research, cost analysis, and report generation that align...
Compliance work is primarily digital and involves analyzing vast amounts of regulatory text, auditing data, and generating reports—all areas where...
This occupation is fundamentally digital, involving high-level coding, algorithm design, and data analysis—all areas where AI is rapidly advancing....
This occupation is predominantly digital and knowledge-based, involving strategic planning, analysis, and technical oversight that AI can...
The core work of designing schematics, analyzing circuits, and testing components is increasingly performed using digital Electronic Design...
The core work of designing, documenting, and configuring networks is fundamentally digital and data-driven, making it highly susceptible to AI-driven...
The core tasks of writing, testing, and debugging code are entirely digital and align perfectly with the strengths of Large Language Models, which...
The core tasks of diagnosing technical issues, documenting problems, and guiding users through digital workflows are highly susceptible to AI...
This occupation is fundamentally digital, involving data modeling, system design, and technical analysis that can be performed entirely on a...
The role is a hybrid of digital information processing and physical hospitality. While AI can automate core tasks like making reservations, providing...
This occupation involves a significant amount of physical field work, such as fire suppression, planting trees, and navigating difficult terrain,...
The occupation is a hybrid of physical site visits and digital knowledge work. AI and computer vision can significantly automate the 'plans examiner'...
The core of this occupation involves physical operation of heavy machinery in unpredictable, outdoor environments that require real-time human...
The core duties of this occupation are almost entirely physical, involving manual labor, tool operation, and site preparation in unpredictable...
Construction management is a hybrid role that combines digital knowledge work—such as cost estimation, scheduling, and contract analysis—with...
The core of the job involves physical dexterity, sensory judgment (taste and smell), and real-time adaptation in a high-heat, unpredictable kitchen...
The core duties are physical and interpersonal, requiring real-time human presence to maintain security, conduct searches, and physically restrain...
Cost estimation is a data-intensive, digital-first occupation centered on analyzing blueprints, technical documents, and historical databases to...
The core product of this occupation is a verbatim digital transcript, a task where AI speech-to-text and natural language processing are already...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical craftsmanship and digital creation. While craft artists (potters, glassblowers) and sculptors have low...
The core tasks of credit counseling—analyzing financial data, creating budgets, and explaining debt management options—are fundamentally digital and...
The core duties of this role—answering questions, processing orders, and resolving complaints—are fundamentally digital and information-based, making...
The core of this occupation is physical performance, athleticism, and real-time human interaction in physical spaces, which AI cannot replicate....
Data science is a fully digital occupation centered on coding, statistical modeling, and data analysis—all areas where AI is rapidly achieving parity...
This occupation is entirely digital, involving coding (SQL), system architecture, and data management—all areas where AI is exceptionally proficient....
While AI and autonomous vehicle technology are advancing, the core of this job involves significant physical labor, such as loading/unloading cargo...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical craftsmanship and digital design, with AI and automation already driving a projected decline in dental...
The core of the job involves physical, hands-on tasks such as sterilizing instruments, assisting in surgeries, and providing direct patient care that...
The core of this occupation involves high-precision manual dexterity and physical procedures performed on patients in a clinical setting, which AI...
The core of dentistry involves highly precise physical procedures, manual dexterity, and real-time patient interaction in a clinical setting, which...
The work product is entirely digital and involves routine information processing, layout design, and basic editing—all areas where AI is highly...
The occupation is a hybrid of physical and digital work; while AI is rapidly advancing in image analysis and diagnostic assistance, the role requires...
The core of this occupation is highly physical, requiring manual dexterity, strength, and real-time problem-solving in a hands-on environment. While...
The core tasks of analyzing nutritional data, interpreting research, and creating personalized meal plans are highly digital and data-driven, making...
Drafters perform work that is almost entirely digital, converting conceptual sketches into technical CAD and BIM models. AI is rapidly advancing in...
The core tasks of this occupation are entirely physical, involving manual labor, dexterity, and movement in unpredictable construction environments....
Economists perform work that is almost entirely digital, involving data analysis, mathematical modeling, and technical writing. AI is exceptionally...
Editing is a fully digital occupation centered on language processing, a core strength of Large Language Models. AI can already perform high-level...
This occupation involves a significant amount of physical labor, such as assembling prototypes, soldering circuitry, and repairing hardware, which...
The core work of designing circuits, modeling systems, and writing documentation is digital and highly susceptible to AI-driven automation and...
The core of this occupation involves physical manipulation of hardware, manual troubleshooting in unpredictable environments, and the use of hand...
The core work is highly physical, involving climbing towers, operating heavy machinery, and manual repair in unpredictable outdoor environments....
The core work of an electrician is highly physical, involving manual installation, repair, and navigation of complex, unpredictable physical...
This occupation involves a significant amount of physical labor, including soldering, operating metalworking machinery, and repairing hydraulic...
Principals perform significant knowledge work—such as curriculum development, budget management, and data analysis of student performance—that is...
The core of this occupation involves highly physical, manual labor in unpredictable environments, such as elevator shafts and machine rooms, which...
The role involves significant digital knowledge work, such as analyzing hazards, drafting complex response plans, and managing federal funding...
The core of this occupation involves physical intervention, manual dexterity, and real-time human presence in unpredictable environments, which are...
This role involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, such as budgeting, scheduling, and strategic planning, which is highly susceptible...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical fieldwork and digital knowledge work. While AI can significantly automate data analysis, report reviewing,...
Environmental engineering involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, including data analysis, system design, and report writing, which...
The core of this role involves physical fieldwork, such as collecting soil and water samples and inspecting facilities, which AI cannot perform....
This occupation involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, including data analysis, report writing, and regulatory compliance, which...
Epidemiology is a data-intensive knowledge profession where core tasks like statistical analysis, pattern recognition in large datasets, and...
The role involves a significant amount of physical presence, including conducting stress tests, measuring vital signs with medical equipment, and...
The role involves a significant amount of physical labor, equipment maintenance, and real-time management of biological systems that cannot be...
Fashion design is increasingly digital, utilizing CAD and graphics software for sketching, trend analysis, and virtual modeling—all areas where...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical camera operation and digital video editing. While camera operators have a physical barrier to AI due to the...
Financial analysts perform work that is almost entirely digital, involving the processing of large datasets, trend analysis, and the generation of...
Financial clerks perform routine, digital-first tasks such as data entry, record updating, and basic financial calculations that are highly...
Financial examiners perform work that is almost entirely digital, involving the analysis of balance sheets, loan documentation, and regulatory text....
Financial management is a predominantly digital knowledge-work occupation focused on data analysis, reporting, and forecasting, all of which are...
The role requires a significant physical presence for onsite inspections, evidence collection in debris, and forest patrolling, which provides a...
The core duties of firefighting are intensely physical and require real-time presence in unpredictable, hazardous environments where AI cannot...
The core duties are highly physical and take place in unpredictable outdoor environments, requiring manual labor, mechanical repair, and real-time...
The core of this occupation requires physical presence to demonstrate exercises, correct form in real-time to prevent injury, and provide high-touch...
The core responsibilities of flight attendants are physical and interpersonal, involving safety enforcement, emergency medical response, and manual...
The core duties of this occupation are entirely physical, involving manual dexterity, heavy lifting, and real-time adaptation to irregular physical...
The core of the job is a physical craft involving the handling of perishable biological materials and manual assembly, which AI cannot perform....
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, such as clearing tables, carrying heavy trays, and cleaning, which are difficult to automate...
The core duties are highly physical and require manual dexterity in unpredictable kitchen environments, which are difficult for AI to automate...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, such as loading ingredients, cleaning machinery, and manual quality checks, which are resistant...
While AI can significantly automate administrative tasks like staff scheduling, inventory ordering, and payroll management, the core of the job...
The role is a hybrid of physical evidence collection and digital analysis. While AI can significantly automate pattern recognition (fingerprints,...
The core duties of this occupation are highly physical and performed in unpredictable outdoor environments, such as planting seedlings, clearing...
Fundraising involves significant digital work including donor research, data analysis, and the creation of promotional messaging, all of which are...
The core of this occupation involves physical tasks like preparing remains and transporting the deceased, alongside high-stakes interpersonal work...
The occupation is a hybrid of physical hospitality and digital-adjacent information processing. While AI and automation are significantly impacting...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, manual dexterity, and real-time problem-solving in unpredictable physical environments, which...
The core duties of this role—data entry, document formatting, scheduling, and information processing—are almost entirely digital and routine, making...
Genetic counselors perform high-level knowledge work, including analyzing complex DNA data and medical histories, which is highly susceptible to AI...
Geographers primarily perform digital knowledge work, including data analysis, GIS modeling, and report writing, all of which are highly susceptible...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical fieldwork and digital data analysis. While AI and automation (like drones and remote sensors) are...
Geoscientists have a balanced mix of physical and digital work. While AI is highly effective at analyzing seismic data, GIS mapping, and predictive...
The core work of a glazier is highly physical, requiring manual dexterity, strength, and real-time problem-solving in unpredictable construction...
Graphic design is a fundamentally digital occupation where core tasks—image generation, layout creation, and photo editing—are being rapidly...
The core duties of this occupation are almost entirely physical and performed in unpredictable outdoor environments, which provides a strong natural...
The core duties of this occupation are fundamentally physical, involving the manual movement, cleaning, and packing of heavy materials in...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor in unpredictable environments, such as scrubbing surfaces, constructing containment areas, and...
This occupation involves a significant mix of digital knowledge work and physical presence. While AI can assist in reviewing equipment plans,...
A significant portion of the role involves digital knowledge work such as analyzing community health data, writing grant proposals, and creating...
This occupation is almost entirely digital, involving the analysis, organization, and validation of clinical data within computerized systems. AI is...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, manual dexterity, and real-time problem solving in unpredictable physical environments, which...
While the core task of driving is physical and occurs in a complex real-world environment, it is a primary target for autonomous vehicle AI, which...
The core of this occupation is highly physical, involving manual dexterity, strength, and real-world troubleshooting in unpredictable environments...
High school teachers are heavily exposed because core digital tasks like lesson planning, content creation, and grading are highly susceptible to AI...
Historians perform high-level knowledge work—researching, analyzing, and writing—that is increasingly digital and highly susceptible to AI-driven...
The core duties of this occupation are fundamentally physical and interpersonal, involving manual tasks like bathing, dressing, and lifting patients...
Human resources management is a digital-heavy knowledge occupation where AI can significantly automate recruitment screening, payroll processing, and...
The core tasks of recruiting, screening, and administrative record-keeping are highly digital and data-driven, making them prime targets for AI...
Hydrologists have a high exposure to AI because a significant portion of their work involves data analysis, computer modeling, and report...
Industrial design is a predominantly digital occupation where core tasks like sketching, 3D modeling, and rendering are being rapidly transformed by...
This occupation involves a significant amount of digital work, such as analyzing production costs, using CAD/CAM software, and conducting statistical...
Industrial engineering is heavily focused on data analysis, systems design, and process optimization—tasks where AI and machine learning excel. While...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, manual dexterity, and real-time troubleshooting in unpredictable physical environments, which...
This role is a hybrid of digital knowledge work and physical oversight. AI will significantly enhance the analytical aspects of the job, such as...
This occupation is highly exposed because its core tasks—processing routine data, answering inquiries, and maintaining records—are fundamentally...
This occupation is entirely digital, involving tasks like monitoring networks, analyzing vulnerabilities, and writing reports that are highly...
Instructional coordinators perform high-level knowledge work including curriculum development, data analysis, and educational material review, all of...
The core duties of this occupation are highly physical and require manual dexterity in unpredictable, confined environments like attics and crawl...
The core tasks of analyzing policies, customizing insurance programs, and maintaining records are digital and data-driven, making them highly...
Underwriting is a fundamentally digital occupation centered on routine information processing, risk modeling, and data analysis—all areas where AI...
Interior design is heavily reliant on digital tools like CAD and BIM, which are being rapidly transformed by generative AI capable of creating...
The core work product is purely digital information (text and speech) in a domain where Large Language Models already demonstrate near-human...
Ironworking is a highly physical occupation performed in unpredictable, outdoor environments and at great heights, which provides a significant...
The core duties of this occupation are almost entirely physical, involving manual labor in unpredictable and varied environments like schools,...
The core of the job involves physical dexterity, manual repair, and hands-on craftsmanship that AI cannot replicate. However, AI and automation are...
The core tasks of researching legal issues, evaluating documents, and writing opinions are highly digital and susceptible to AI automation, which can...
AI will significantly automate back-end knowledge work such as lesson planning, grading, and administrative communication, which currently occupy a...
This occupation is predominantly digital and knowledge-based, involving the drafting of contracts, policy development, and legal compliance—all areas...
Landscape architecture is a predominantly digital knowledge-based occupation where core tasks like CADD modeling, site analysis, and cost estimation...
Lawyers perform high-level knowledge work that is almost entirely digital, involving document drafting, legal research, and complex data analysis—all...
Librarianship is fundamentally about information retrieval, organization, and research—domains where LLMs and AI search engines excel. While the...
A significant portion of this role involves routine information processing, cataloging, and answering reference questions, all of which are highly...
The core of this occupation involves physical tasks such as bathing, dressing, and wound care, which are currently beyond the reach of AI and...
The core tasks of loan officers—analyzing financial data, verifying documentation, and assessing risk—are fundamentally digital and highly...
Lodging managers perform a hybrid of digital knowledge work and physical site management. While AI can automate back-office tasks like revenue...
The core work is highly physical, involving the operation of heavy machinery and manual labor in unpredictable outdoor environments. While AI may...
Logisticians perform high-level knowledge work that is primarily digital, involving data analysis, forecasting, and supply chain optimization—tasks...
The role involves a significant physical component, including manual dexterity, machine setup, and material handling in a factory environment....
Management analysts perform high-level knowledge work—including data analysis, report writing, and financial modeling—that is highly susceptible to...
The core of this occupation involves high-precision physical labor, tactile sensitivity, and real-time human interaction in a physical environment....
The core of this occupation involves digital design, complex mathematical modeling, and technical report writing, all of which are highly susceptible...
The core duties of this role—data collection, statistical analysis, trend forecasting, and report generation—are fundamentally digital and align...
While the work is increasingly digital via telehealth and involves significant information processing, the core value of therapy lies in...
Masonry is a highly physical trade performed in unpredictable outdoor environments that require manual dexterity, strength, and real-time sensory...
The core of this occupation is highly physical, requiring manual manipulation of soft tissues and real-time human empathy in a physical setting....
The core of the job is physical operation of heavy machinery in dynamic environments like warehouses and construction sites, which provides a buffer...
This occupation is highly exposed because its core functions—tracking data, scheduling, and inventory reporting—are digital information-processing...
Materials engineering is heavily reliant on digital simulation, data analysis, and computational modeling, areas where AI and machine learning are...
This occupation is almost entirely digital, involving data analysis, mathematical modeling, and coding—all domains where AI and Large Language Models...
This occupation is a hybrid of digital knowledge work and physical labor. While AI can significantly automate digital tasks like 3D modeling, data...
Mechanical engineering is heavily reliant on digital tools like CAD, simulations, and data analysis, all of which are being rapidly enhanced by AI to...
This role involves a high volume of digital knowledge work, such as budgeting, scheduling, and regulatory compliance, which are highly susceptible to...
Medical assistants perform a hybrid of physical and digital tasks; while AI can significantly automate administrative duties like scheduling, coding,...
The core of this occupation involves complex mathematical calculations, image analysis (CT/MRI), and digital treatment planning, all of which are...
The core of this occupation is physical and manual, requiring dexterity to handle tools, disassemble machinery, and work in tight physical spaces....
This occupation is almost entirely digital, involving the processing, classification, and entry of data into electronic systems. AI is already highly...
Medical scientists perform high-level knowledge work including data analysis, grant writing, and literature reviews, all of which are highly...
Medical transcription is a purely digital, routine information-processing task that has already been heavily impacted by speech recognition. Modern...
A significant portion of the role involves digital tasks such as logistics planning, vendor research, contract review, and communications, which are...
The core of the work is physical and requires presence on a factory floor to handle materials and maintain machinery. However, AI and advanced...
Microbiologists have a high exposure to AI because a significant portion of their work involves data analysis, pattern recognition in genetic...
Middle school teachers have high exposure because a significant portion of their workload—lesson planning, grading, and content creation—is digital...
Military careers are a vast composite of physical combat, manual labor, and high-level digital strategy. While AI will heavily automate back-office...
Mining and geological engineering involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, including mine design, technical reporting, and data...
While runway and live event modeling require physical presence, the majority of modeling work results in digital or print imagery which is highly...
The occupation is a hybrid of high-exposure digital work (composing) and lower-exposure physical work (conducting). Generative AI is rapidly...
While AI can generate high-quality digital music and vocals, a significant portion of this occupation involves live performance, physical presence at...
This role is predominantly knowledge-based, involving data analysis, budgeting, and technical reporting, all of which are highly susceptible to AI...
This occupation is primarily digital and involves tasks like configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting that are highly susceptible to AI-driven...
The core work product is digital (text, scripts, and multimedia), and AI can already automate significant portions of research, drafting, and...
Nuclear engineering is a high-level knowledge profession where core tasks—such as reactor design, dose calculations, and safety simulations—are...
The role requires significant physical presence to prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals, operate heavy machinery, and physically assist or...
Nuclear technicians perform a mix of digital monitoring and physical labor, such as collecting environmental samples and maintaining hardware. While...
This occupation involves a significant amount of high-level knowledge work, such as diagnosing conditions and analyzing test results, which is highly...
The core duties of nursing assistants and orderlies—such as bathing, dressing, and physically transferring patients—are highly manual and require...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical fieldwork and digital knowledge work. While AI can significantly automate data analysis, report writing, and...
Occupational therapy is a highly physical and interpersonal profession that requires real-time observation, manual manipulation of patients, and the...
The core of this occupation involves physical assistance, manual therapy, and real-time human interaction, such as lifting patients and guiding motor...
The core of this occupation involves heavy physical labor, equipment maintenance, and manual operation in unpredictable outdoor environments, which...
This occupation is almost entirely digital, involving data collection, mathematical modeling, and report writing—all areas where AI and Large...
The role involves a significant amount of physical, hands-on work such as measuring faces, adjusting frames with tools, and teaching patients how to...
Optometry is a hybrid of physical clinical procedures and high-level data analysis. AI is highly effective at analyzing retinal scans and diagnostic...
This occupation involves a significant amount of physical, hands-on work including patient examinations, manual measurements, and the physical...
The core duties of this occupation are entirely physical, requiring manual dexterity, mobility at heights, and real-time adaptation to unpredictable...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, manual dexterity, and presence in industrial or repair environments, which provides a natural...
The core duties of this occupation—legal research, document drafting, and information organization—are fundamentally digital and align perfectly with...
The core technical tasks of this role—analyzing market data, optimizing portfolios, and tax planning—are digital and highly susceptible to AI...
The core of this occupation is highly physical, requiring workers to crawl into tight spaces, set manual traps, and apply chemicals in unpredictable...
Petroleum engineering involves significant digital knowledge work, such as reservoir modeling, data analysis, and drilling simulation, which are...
Pharmacists face moderate exposure because their core knowledge-based tasks—checking drug interactions, verifying dosages, and analyzing patient...
The role involves a significant amount of physical labor, such as measuring medications, packaging prescriptions, and interacting with patients in...
The core of the job is a highly tactile, physical procedure (venipuncture) performed on human patients in unpredictable clinical settings, which is...
Photography is a hybrid role where the physical act of capturing real-world events (weddings, news, portraits) provides a buffer, but the digital...
The core of this occupation involves physical, hands-on work such as massage, stretching, and assisting patients with mobility, which AI cannot...
The core of physical therapy involves manual manipulation, physical assistance, and real-time observation of human movement in a physical...
Physician assistants perform a mix of high-level knowledge work and physical clinical tasks. While AI will significantly augment diagnostic accuracy,...
Physicians and surgeons have moderate exposure because while AI can significantly automate digital tasks like diagnostic image interpretation...
Physicists and astronomers perform high-level knowledge work that is increasingly digital, including data analysis, mathematical modeling, and...
The core duties of this occupation are highly physical, requiring manual dexterity, strength, and real-time problem-solving in unpredictable physical...
Podiatry is a medical specialty that requires significant physical presence for exams, manual procedures, and complex surgeries that AI cannot...
The core of the job involves physical presence, emergency response, and manual tasks like making arrests and patrolling, which are resistant to AI....
Political science is a purely digital knowledge-work occupation centered on data analysis, research, and writing, all of which are core strengths of...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, such as delivering parcels and navigating outdoor environments, which provides a natural barrier...
This occupation is heavily centered on digital information processing, including reviewing applications, analyzing student data, managing budgets,...
Postsecondary teaching is primarily knowledge work involving research, writing, and curriculum design—all areas where AI is highly capable. While the...
The core tasks of monitoring data, adjusting power flows, and responding to system abnormalities are increasingly digital and data-driven, making...
This role is a hybrid of administrative knowledge work and high-stakes physical presence. While AI can significantly automate digital tasks like...
The core of this occupation involves physical care, emotional support, and real-time social interaction with children under age five, which AI cannot...
The occupation is a hybrid of digital research and physical field work. AI significantly enhances the digital aspects—such as background checks,...
This occupation is a hybrid of high-exposure digital tasks (writing case reports, risk assessment, and data-driven monitoring) and low-exposure...
Producers and directors are highly exposed because their core work products—scripts, visual aesthetics, and edited video—are increasingly being...
Project management is a digital-heavy knowledge occupation involving data analysis, scheduling, and documentation, all of which are highly...
The core of this occupation involves analyzing data, comparing market trends, and generating reports, all of which are highly susceptible to...
This occupation is a hybrid of digital knowledge work and physical site management. While AI can automate significant portions of the job—such as...
The core of this occupation involves physical tasks such as bathing, feeding, and physically restraining patients, which AI cannot perform. While AI...
Psychology is a knowledge-based profession where core tasks like analyzing data, writing reports, and researching are highly susceptible to AI...
The core digital tasks of this role—writing press releases, drafting speeches, analyzing social media trends, and creating fundraising strategies—are...
The core tasks of this occupation—writing press releases, drafting speeches, creating social media content, and monitoring public sentiment—are...
The core tasks of this role—receiving digital inputs (voice, text, video), processing information according to protocols, and dispatching...
The core tasks of analyzing price proposals, monitoring inventory, and reviewing financial reports are highly susceptible to AI automation and...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical inspection and data analysis. While AI-powered computer vision systems are rapidly automating the visual...
The role requires a significant physical presence to position patients, operate heavy machinery, and provide empathetic interpersonal care during...
While AI is revolutionizing image analysis and quality control, the core of this role requires physical presence to position patients, administer...
The occupation involves a significant amount of physical labor, mechanical adjustment, and real-world safety monitoring that AI cannot perform....
Real estate agents perform a mix of digital knowledge work and physical/interpersonal tasks. AI can automate significant portions of their digital...
Many core tasks such as scheduling, answering phones, and data entry are highly susceptible to automation via AI voice agents and chatbots. While the...
The core of this occupation involves physical presence, manual instruction, and real-time interpersonal interaction in unpredictable environments...
The core of this occupation involves physical presence, manual assistance, and real-time interpersonal interaction through activities like adaptive...
Registered nursing is a hybrid role that combines significant physical labor, such as administering treatments and moving patients, with complex...
Rehabilitation counseling involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, such as developing rehabilitation plans, maintaining records, and...
Respiratory therapy involves a significant amount of physical, hands-on patient care, such as performing chest physiotherapy, intubating patients,...
Retail sales involve a mix of physical tasks (stocking shelves, demonstrating products) and interpersonal interaction that provides a barrier to full...
Roofing is a highly physical occupation performed in unpredictable outdoor environments that require manual dexterity, balance, and heavy lifting....
Sales engineers perform high-level knowledge work that is increasingly digital, including technical presentations, product customization, and...
Sales managers perform high-level knowledge work including data analysis, sales forecasting, and strategic planning, all of which are highly...
This occupation is a mix of high-touch interpersonal work and digital information processing. AI can significantly automate the 'hard' data tasks...
The core duties of this occupation—scheduling, drafting correspondence, managing databases, and transcribing—are fundamentally digital and align...
This occupation is almost entirely digital and information-based, involving data analysis, market monitoring, and financial modeling—all areas where...
The occupation is a hybrid of physical presence and digital monitoring. While AI-powered computer vision is rapidly automating the 'surveillance' and...
The role involves a significant physical component, requiring presence in cleanrooms to handle wafers, maintain equipment, and perform manual...
The core creative process—including script analysis, conceptual sketching, and CAD modeling—is increasingly susceptible to generative AI and...
The core of this occupation involves physical labor, manual dexterity, and on-site installation in unpredictable construction environments, which are...
The core of the job involves physical, hands-on treatments like facials, massages, and hair removal that require real-time human presence and manual...
The core of this occupation involves physical manipulation of mechanical components, manual dexterity, and real-world troubleshooting in...
This role involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, such as grant writing, data analysis, and budget management, which are highly...
This occupation is a hybrid of digital administrative work and high-touch interpersonal service. AI can significantly automate the 'knowledge work'...
Social work involves a high degree of interpersonal interaction, empathy, and crisis management in physical environments, which provides a strong...
Sociology is a knowledge-intensive field where core tasks like data analysis, literature reviews, and report writing are highly susceptible to AI...
This occupation is fundamentally digital, with core tasks like coding, debugging, and test automation being primary use cases for Large Language...
The core of this occupation is highly physical, involving manual labor, climbing roofs, and using hand tools in unpredictable outdoor environments....
AI will significantly streamline the digital and administrative aspects of the role, such as drafting Individualized Education Programs (IEPs),...
This occupation is almost entirely digital, with core tasks like 3D modeling, rendering, and animation being directly disrupted by generative AI and...
Speech-language pathology involves a significant amount of digital-adjacent work, such as analyzing speech patterns, documenting progress, and...
The core of this occupation involves physical maintenance, manual repairs, and hands-on troubleshooting of heavy mechanical equipment in...
This occupation is a mix of high-level knowledge work and intense interpersonal interaction. While AI can significantly assist with digital tasks...
The core of this occupation is highly physical, requiring manual dexterity, sterile technique, and real-time presence in an operating room. While AI...
Survey research is a fundamentally digital knowledge occupation involving background research, survey design, statistical analysis, and report...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical fieldwork and digital data processing. While AI and automation (via drones and GIS software) significantly...
Surveying is a hybrid occupation that combines significant physical fieldwork with digital data processing. While AI and automation (via drones and...
This occupation is highly exposed because its core tasks—reviewing financial documents, identifying discrepancies, and interpreting tax law—are...
While the core task of driving is highly susceptible to automation through autonomous vehicle technology (AI), the job currently requires significant...
Teacher assistants have moderate exposure because AI can significantly automate their administrative and instructional support tasks, such as...
Technical writing is a fully digital occupation centered on synthesizing complex information into clear documentation, a core strength of Large...
The core of this occupation is physical labor, including climbing towers, installing hardware, and manual troubleshooting in unpredictable...
Tellers face high exposure because their core tasks—processing routine financial transactions and verifying information—are digital in nature and...
Top executives perform high-level knowledge work including financial analysis, strategic planning, and contract review, all of which are highly...
While AI can automate the digital aspects of the job—such as researching history, planning itineraries, and providing multilingual translations—the...
This role is predominantly digital and knowledge-based, involving the creation of instructional content, data-driven needs assessments, and budget...
Much of the core work, such as designing training manuals, creating online learning modules, and assessing needs through data, is digital and highly...
This role involves a significant amount of digital knowledge work, such as logistics planning, budgeting, and supply chain optimization, which are...
The core functions of a travel agent—researching destinations, comparing prices, building itineraries, and processing bookings—are entirely digital...
Tutors primarily engage in knowledge transfer, explanation, and feedback—tasks where generative AI and personalized learning algorithms excel. While...
The occupation is a hybrid of physical presence and objective data processing. While computer vision and AI can already automate 'calls' (like strike...
Urban planners perform heavy knowledge work including data analysis, GIS mapping, and report writing, all of which are highly susceptible to AI...
Veterinary work is a hybrid of physical procedures and complex diagnostic knowledge work. While AI will significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy...
The core duties of this occupation are almost entirely physical and manual, involving the handling, feeding, and restraining of live animals in...
The core of this occupation involves physical tasks that AI cannot perform, such as restraining animals, administering anesthesia, performing surgery...
While AI and automation are increasingly handling digital tasks like order-taking and payments via kiosks or mobile apps, the core of the job remains...
The occupation is a hybrid of physical labor and digital monitoring, with AI and advanced automation already contributing to a projected 7% decline...
The core of the work is physical and requires real-time presence in unpredictable maritime environments, involving manual tasks like equipment...
This occupation is entirely digital, with core tasks like writing code (HTML, JavaScript), designing layouts, and creating prototypes being areas...
The core of this occupation is highly physical, requiring manual dexterity, physical stamina, and real-time adaptation to unpredictable environments...
This occupation is heavily focused on information processing, communication, and data analysis, all of which are highly susceptible to AI enhancement...
The core of this occupation involves high-stakes physical labor, including climbing 200-foot towers, rappelling, and performing manual repairs in...
The core of the job involves physical manipulation of materials, manual dexterity, and real-time sensory monitoring in a workshop environment, which...
The core work product of writers and authors is entirely digital and text-based, which aligns perfectly with the primary capabilities of Large...
This occupation is a hybrid of physical fieldwork and digital knowledge work. AI significantly impacts the data-heavy aspects of the job, such as...
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